Smallpox Resource List

Key Resources for the Practicing Clinician
Images
Diagnosis and Management
Treatment
Smallpox Vaccine
Epidemiology
Public Health
Infection Control and Worker Protection
Laboratory Resources

Key Resources for the Practicing Clinician

Breman JG, Henderson DA. Diagnosis and management of smallpox. N Engl J Med 2002;346(17):1300-8 [Full text]

CDC. Smallpox [Home page]

CDC. Smallpox Resources for health officials [Web page]

CDC. Overview of smallpox, clinical presentations, and medical care of smallpox patients (Annex 1 of: Smallpox response plan and guidelines, Version 3.0, Nov 26, 2002): [Part 1] [Part 2] [Part 3]

CDC. Acute, generalized vesicular or pustular rash illness testing protocol in the United States [Full text]

Di Giulio DB, Eckburg PB. Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis. Lancet Infect Dis 2004 Jan 1;4(1):15-25 [Abstract]

Henderson DA, Inglesby TV, Bartlett JG, et al. Smallpox as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 1999;281(22):2127-2139 [Full text]

Jahrling PB, Huggins JW, Ibrahim MS, et al. Smallpox and related orthopoxviruses. In: Dembek ZF, ed. Textbooks of military medicine: medical aspects of biological warfare. Chap 11. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 2007 [Full text]

Images

Eczema vaccinatum—a timely reminder (N Engl J Med 2002;346[17]:1287) [Full text with illustration]

Electron micrographs of variola virus (N Engl J Med 2002 Apr 25;346[17]:1306) [Web page]

Smallpox disease images (CDC) [Web page]

Rash illness, field investigation, electron micrographs (Public Health Image Library) [Web page]

Vaccine reaction images (CDC) [Web page]

Diagnosis and Management

Bray M, Wright ME. Progressive vaccinia. Clin Infect Dis 2003 Mar 15;36(6):766-74 [Full text]

Breman JG, Henderson DA. Diagnosis and management of smallpox. N Engl J Med 2002;346(17):1300-8 [Full text]

CDC. Acute, generalized vesicular or pustular rash illness testing protocol in the United States [Full text]

CDC. Negative staining electron microscopic protocol for rash illness. Jan 17, 2003 [Web page]

CDC. Overview of smallpox, clinical presentations, and medical care of smallpox patients (Annex 1 of: Smallpox response plan and guidelines, Version 3.0, Nov 26, 2002): [Part 1] [Part 2] [Part 3]

CDC. Smallpox: what every clinician should know [Webcast, Dec 13, 2001. Updated, July 2003]

Di Giulio DB, Eckburg PB. Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis. Lancet Infect Dis 2004 Jan 1;4(1):15-25 [Abstract]

Dixon CW. Smallpox. London, England: J & A Churchill Ltd, 1962

Dixon CW. Smallpox in Tripolitania, 1946: an epidemiological and clinical study of 500 cases, including trials of penicillin treatment. J Hyg 1948;46(4):351-77 [Full text]

Downie AW, Fedson DS, Saint Vincent L, et al. Haemorrhagic smallpox. J Hyg 1969;67(4):619-29

Dropulic LK, Rubin RH, Bartlett JG. Smallpox vaccination and the patient with an organ transplant. Clin Infect Dis 2003 Mar 15;36(6):786-8 [Abstract]

Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Jezek Z, Ladnyi ID. Smallpox and its eradication. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1988 [Full text]

Franz DR, Jahrling PB, Friedlander AM, et al. Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents. JAMA 1997;278(5):399-411 [Abstract]

Guha Mazumder DN, De S, Mitra AC, et al. Clinical observations on smallpox: a study of 1,233 patients admitted to the infectious diseases hospital, Calcutta, during 1973. Bull WHO 1975;52:301-6 [Abstract]

Henderson DA. Bioterrorism as a public health threat. Emerg Infect Dis 1998;4(3):488-92 [Full text]

Henderson DA, Inglesby TV, Bartlett JG, et al. Smallpox as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 1999;281(22):2127-39 [Full text]

Jezek Z, Marennikova SS, Mutumbo M, et al. Human monkeypox: a study of 2,510 contacts of 214 patients. J Infect Dis 1986;154(4):551-5 [Abstract]

Koplan JP, Foster SO. Smallpox: clinical types, causes of death, and treatment. J Infect Dis 1979;140(3):440-1

Mack TM, Thomas DB, Khan MM. Variola major in West Pakistan. J Infect Dis 1970;122(6):479-88 [Full text]

Madeley CR. Diagnosing smallpox in possible bioterrorist attack. (Editorial) Lancet 2003 Jan 11;361(9352):97-8 [Link to text]

Mehta BC, Doctor RG, Purandare NM, et al. Hemorrhagic smallpox: a study of 22 cases to determine the cause of bleeding. Indian J Med Sci 1967;21(8):518-23

Mitra M, Bhattacharya DK. Some observations on haemorrhagic smallpox (type I). J Indian Med Assoc 1976;67(11):237-40

Rao AR. Smallpox. Bombay, India: Kothari Book Depo, 1972

Sarkar JK, Chatteriee SN, Mitra AC, et al. Antibody response in haemorrhagic smallpox. Indian J Med Res 1967;55(11):1143-9

Sheth SC, Maruthi V, Tibrewala NS, et al. Smallpox in children. Indian J Pediat 1971;38:129-31

Treatment

Breman JG, Henderson DA. Diagnosis and management of smallpox. N Engl J Med 2002;346(17):1300-8 [Full text]

LeDuc JW, Jahrling PB. Strengthening national preparedness for smallpox: an update. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7(1):155-7 [Full text]

Franz DR, Jahrling PB, Friedlander AM, et al. Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents. JAMA 1997;278(5):399-411 [Abstract]

Smallpox Vaccine

Belyakov IM, Earl P, Dzutsev A, et al. Shared modes of protection against poxvirus infection by attenuated and conventional smallpox vaccine viruses. PNAS 2003 Aug 5;100(16):9458-63 [Abstract]

Bicknell W, James K. The new cell culture smallpox vaccine should be offered to the general population. Rev Med Virol 2003 Jan-Feb;13(1):5-15 [Abstract] (see also Mortimer 2003 below)

Bicknell WJ. The case for voluntary smallpox vaccination. N Engl J Med 2002;346(17):1323-5 [Full text]

Blendon RJ, DesRoches CM, Benson JM, et al. The public and the smallpox threat. N Engl J Med 2003 Jan 30;348(5):426-32 [Full text]

CDC. Cardiac and other adverse events following civilian smallpox vaccination—United States, 2003. MMWR 2003 Jul 11;52(27):639-42 [Full text]

CDC. Clinical evaluation tools for smallpox vaccine adverse reactions [Web page]

CDC. Contact spread of vaccinia from a recently vaccinated marine--Louisiana. MMWR 1984;33(3):37-8 [Full text]

CDC. Drug Service [Web page]

CDC. Guidelines for smallpox vaccine packing and shipping [Full text]

CDC. Recommendations for using smallpox vaccine in a pre-event smallpox vaccination program. Supplemental recommendations of ACIP and HICPAC. MMWR Apr 4; 52(RR07):1-16 [Full text]

CDC. Smallpox Fact Sheet: Adverse reactions following smallpox vaccination [Full text]

CDC. Smallpox Fact Sheet: Caring for the smallpox vaccination site [Full text]

CDC. Smallpox Fact Sheet: Medical management of smallpox (vaccinia) vaccine adverse reactions [Full text]

CDC. Smallpox Fact Sheet: Smallpox vaccination method [Full text]

CDC. Smallpox Fact Sheet: Smallpox (vaccinia) vaccine contraindications [Full text]

CDC. Smallpox Fact Sheet: Smallpox vaccine and heart problems [Full text]

CDC. Smallpox questions and answers: Section 304 of the Homeland Security Act [Full text]

CDC. Smallpox Resource for health officials [Web page]

CDC. Smallpox vaccination and adverse events training module [Full text]

CDC. Smallpox vaccination and adverse reactions: guidance for clinicians. MMWR 2003 Feb 21;52(RR04):1-28 [Full text]

CDC. Smallpox vaccination clinic guide. Sep 23, 2002. Annex 3 of: Smallpox response plan and guidelines [Full text]

CDC. Smallpox vaccination information for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. 2003 [Full text]

CDC. Smallpox vaccination method [Web page]

CDC. Smallpox vaccination overview for clinicians [Web page]

CDC. Smallpox vaccine administration [Video presentation]

CDC. Smallpox vaccine: adverse event rates, 1968 [Full text]

CDC. Smallpox vaccine information statement [Full text]

CDC. Smallpox vaccine reaction images [Web page]

CDC. Specimen collection for smallpox (vaccinia) vaccine virus [Full text]

CDC. Supplemental recommendations on adverse events following smallpox vaccine in the pre-event vaccination program: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR 2003 Apr 4;52(13):282-4 [Full text]

CDC. Vaccinia (smallpox) vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2001. MMWR 2001;50(RR10):1-25 [Full text]

DHHS. Smallpox vaccine injury compensation program: smallpox (vaccinia) vaccine injury table. 42 CFR Pt 102. Fed Reg 2006 May 24;719100):29805 [Abstract]

Du Mont GC, Beach RC. Continuing mortality and morbidity from smallpox vaccination. Br Med J 1979;1(6175):1398-9 [Full text]

El-Ad B, Roth Y, Winder A, et al. The persistence of neutralizing antibodies after revaccination against smallpox. J Infect Dis 1990;161:446-8 [Abstract]

Engler RJM, Kenner M, Leung DYM. Smallpox vaccination: risk considerations for patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;110:357-65 [Abstract]

Fauci AS. Smallpox vaccination policy—the need for dialogue. N Engl J Med 2002;346(17):1319-20 [Full text]

Frey SE, Couch RB, Tacket CO, et al. Clinical responses to undiluted and diluted smallpox vaccine. N Engl J Med 2002;346(17):1265-74 [Full text]

Frey SE, Newman FK, Cruz J, et al. Dose-related effects of smallpox vaccine N Engl J Med 2002;346(17):1275-80 [Full text]

Frey SE, Newman FK, Yan L, et al. Response to smallpox vaccine in persons immunized in the distant past. JAMA 2003 Jun 25;289(24):3295-9 [Abstract]

Freed ER, Duma RJ, Escobar MR. Vaccinia necrosum and its relationship to impaired immunologic responsiveness. Am J Med 1972;52(3):411-20 [Abstract]

Goldstein JA, Neff JM, Lane MJ, et al. Smallpox vaccination reactions, prophylaxis, and therapy of complications. Pediatrics 1975;55(3):342-7 [Abstract]

Grabenstein JD, Winkenwerder W. US military smallpox vaccination program experience. JAMA 2003 Jun 25;289(24):3278-82 [Abstract]

Greenberg RN, Schosser RH, Plummer EA, et al. Urticaria, exanthems, and other benign dermatologic reactions to smallpox vaccination in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2004 Apr 1;38(7):958-67 [Abstract]

Halsell JS, Riddle JR, Atwood JE, et al. Myopericarditis following smallpox vaccination among vaccinia-naive US military personnel. JAMA 2003 Jun 25;289(24):3283-9 [Abstract]

Hammarlund E, Lewis MW, Hansen SG, et al. Duration of immunity after smallpox vaccination. Nature Med 2003 Sep 1;9(9):1131-7 [Abstract]

IOM (Institute of Medicine). Review of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's smallpox vaccination program implementation. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Letter Reports (first four meetings) [Full text]

Keane JT, James K, Blankenship ML, et al. Progressive vaccinia associated with combined variable immunodeficiency. Arch Dermatol 1983;119(5):404-8 [Abstract]

Kemper AR, Davis MM, Freed GL. Expected adverse events in a mass smallpox vaccination campaign. Eff Clin Pract 2002;5(2):84-6 [Full text]

Koplan JP, Marton KI. Smallpox vaccination revisited. Some observations on the biology of vaccinia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1975;24(4):656-63 [Abstract]

Lane JM, Goldstein J. Evaluation of 21st-century risks of smallpox vaccination and policy options. Ann Intern Med 2003 Mar 18;138(6):488-93 [Full text]

Lane JM, Ruben FL, Abrutyn E. Deaths attributable to smallpox vaccination, 1959 to 1966, and 1968. JAMA 1970;212(3):441-4 [Abstract]

Lane JM, Ruben FL, Neff JM, et al. Complications of smallpox vaccinations, 1968: national surveillance in the United States. N Engl J Med 1969;281(22):1201-8

Lane JM, Ruben FL, Neff JM, et al. Complications of smallpox vaccination, 1968: results of 10 statewide surveys. J Infect Dis 1970;122:303-9

LeDuc JW, Becher J. Current status of smallpox vaccine. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5(4):593-4 [Full text]

Mack TM, Noble J Jr, Thomas DB. A prospective study of serum antibody and protection against smallpox. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1972;21(2):214-8 [Abstract]

McCurdy LH, Larkin BD, Martin JE, et al. Modified vaccinia Ankara: potential as an alternative smallpox vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 2004 Jun 15;38(12):1749-53 [Abstract]

Mortimer PP. The new cell culture smallpox vaccine should not be offered to the general population. Rev Med Virol 2003 Jan-Feb;13(1):17-20 [Full text] (see also Bicknell 2003 above)

Naderi S. Smallpox vaccination during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1975;46(2):223-6

Naleway AL, Belongia EA, Greenlee RT, et al. Eczematous skin disease and recall of past diagnoses: implications for smallpox vaccination. Ann Intern Med 2003 Jul 1;139(1):1-7 [Full text]

Neff JM, Lane JM, Fulginiti VA, et al. Contact vaccinia—transmission of vaccinia from smallpox vaccination. (Commentary) JAMA 2002;288(15):1901-5 [Full text]

NIAID (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases). Study seeds to determine effectiveness of diluted smallpox vaccine. Press Release, Oct 2001.

Poland GA, Neff JM. Smallpox vaccine: problems and prospects. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2003 Nov;23(4):731-43 [Abstract]

Redfield RR, Wright DC, James WD, et al. Disseminated vaccinia in a military recruit with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. N Engl J Med 1987;316(11):673-6 [Abstract]

Rosenthal SR, Merchlinsky M, Kleppinger C, et al. Developing new smallpox vaccines. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7(6):920-6 [Full text]

Saxen L, Cantell, Hadama M. Relation between smallpox vaccination and outcome of pregnancy. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1968;58(10):1910-21 [Full text]

Sepkowitz KA. How contagious is vaccinia? N Engl J Med 2003 Jan 30;348(5):439-46 [Full text]

Talbot TR, Bredenberg HK, Smith M, et al. Focal and generalized folliculitis following smallpox vaccination among vaccinia-naive recipients. JAMA 2003 Jun 24;289(24):3290-4 [Full text]

Epidemiology

Arita I, Jezek Z, Khodakevich L, et al. Human monkeypox: a newly emerged orthopoxvirus zoonosis in the tropical rain forests of Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985;34(4):781-9 [Abstract]

Arnt N, Morris L. Smallpox outbreaks in two Brazilian villages: epidemiologic characteristics. Am J Epidemiol 1972;95(4):363-70 [Abstract]

Breman JG, Kalisa Ruti, Steniowski MV, et al. Human monkeypox, 1970-79. Bull WHO 1980;58(2):165-82 [Abstract]

CDC. Human monkeypox—Kasai Oriental, Zaire, 1996-1997. MMWR 1997;46(14):304-7 [Full text]

CDC. Laboratory associated smallpox—England. MMWR 1978;27:319-20

CDC. Smallpox surveillance—worldwide MMWR 1997;46(42):990-4 [Full text]

Deria A, Jezek Z, Markvart K, et al. The world's last endemic case of smallpox: surveillance and containment measures. Bull WHO 1980;52(2):279-83

Gani R, Leach S. Transmission potential of smallpox in contemporary populations. Nature 2001;414:748-51 [Abstract]

Heiner GG, Fatima N, McCrumb FR. A study of intrafamilial transmission of smallpox. Am J Epidemiol 1971;94(4):316-26

Hopkins DR. Princes and peasants: smallpox in history. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press, 1983

Jezek Z, Grab B, Paluku KM, et al. Human monkeypox: disease pattern, incidence, and attack rates in a rural area of northern Zaire. Trop Geogr Med 1988;40(2):73-83 [Abstract]

Jezek Z, Grab B, Szczeniowski M. Human monkeypox: secondary attack rates. Bull WHO 1988;66(4):465-70 [Abstract]

Jezek Z, Marennikova SS, Mutumbo M, et al. Human monkeypox: a study of 2,510 contacts of 214 patients. J Infect Dis 1986;154(4):551-5 [Abstract]

Ker FL. Variola minor: observations and experiences in Staffordshire, England, during 1966. Clin Pediatr 1967;6(9):533-9

Kiang KM, Krathwohl MD. Rates and risks of transmission of smallpox and mechanisms of prevention. J Lab Clin Med 2003 Oct;142(4):229-38 [Abstract]

Mack TM. Smallpox in Europe, 1950-1971. J Infect Dis 1972;125(2):161-9

Rao AR, Jacob ES, Kamalakshi S, et al. Epidemiological studies in smallpox: a study of intrafamilial transmission in a series of 254 infected families. Indian J Med Res 1968;56:1826-54

Wolman IJ. Variola minor in the United States. Clin Pediatr 1967;6(9):514

Public Health

Alibek K. Biohazard. New York, NY: Random House, 1999

Barbera J, Macintyre A, Gostin L, et al. Large-scale quarantine following biological terrorism in the United States: scientific examination, logistic and legal limits, and possible consequences. JAMA 2001;286(21):2711-7 [Abstract]

Bardi J. Aftermath of a hypothetical smallpox disaster. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5(4):547-51 [Full text]

Bicknell W, James K. The new cell culture smallpox vaccine should be offered to the general population. Rev Med Virol 2003 Jan-Feb;13(1):5-15 [Abstract]

Breman JG, Arita I, Fenner F. Preventing the return of smallpox. N Engl J Med 2003 Jan 30;348(5);348:463-6 [Full text]

CDC. Medical examiners, coroners, and biologic terrorism: a guidebook for surveillance and case management. MMWR 2004 Jun 11;53(RR08):1-36 [Full text]

CDC. Preliminary report: multistate outbreak of monkeypox in persons exposed to pet prairie dogs. Jun 9, 2003 [Full text]

CDC. Smallpox information for laboratory and health professionals [Web page]

CDC. Smallpox response plan and guidelines, Nov 26, 2002, Version 3.0
Index
Annex 3: Smallpox vaccination clinic guide
Guide A—Surveillance, contact tracing, and epidemiological investigation
Guide B [part 1] [part 2] [part 3]—Vaccination guidelines for state and local health departments
Guide D—Specimen collection guidelines
Guide F—Decontamination guidelines

Henderson DA. Bioterrorism as a public health threat. Emerg Infect Dis 1998;4(3):488-92 [Full text]

Henderson DA, Fenner F. Recent events and observations pertaining to smallpox virus destruction in 2002. Clin Infect Dis 2001 Oct 1;33(7):1057-9 [Abstract]

Henderson DA, Inglesby TV, Bartlett JG, et al. Smallpox as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 1999;281(22):2127-39 [Full text]

Khodakevich L, Aezek Z, Messinger D. Monkeypox virus: ecology and public health significance. Bull WHO 1988;66(6):747-52 [Abstract]

Kiang KM, Krathwohl MD. Rates and risks of transmission of smallpox and mechanisms of prevention. J Lab Clin Med 2003 Oct;142(4):229-38 [Abstract]

Lane JM, Goldstein J. Evaluation of 21st-century risks of smallpox vaccination and policy options. Ann Intern Med 2003 Mar 18;138(6):488-93 [Full text]

LeDuc JW, Jahrling PB. Strengthening national preparedness for smallpox: an update. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7(1):155-7 [Full text]

Meltzer MI, Damon I, LeDuc JW et al. Modeling potential responses to smallpox as a bioterrorist weapon. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7(6):959-69 [Full text]

O'Toole T. Smallpox: an attack scenario. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5(4):540-6 [Full text]

O'Toole T, Mair M, Inglesby TV. Shining light on "Dark Winter." Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:972-83 [Full text]

Reed KD, Melski JW, Graham MB, et al. The detection of monkeypox in humans in the western hemisphere. N Engl J Med 2004 Jan 22;350(4):342-50 [Abstract]

Tucker JB, Zilinskas RA. CNS Occasional Paper No 9: The 1971 smallpox epidemic in Aralsk, Kazakhstan, and the Soviet biological warfare program. June 2002 [Full text]

WHO (World Health Organization). Smallpox eradication: destruction of variola virus stocks. 2008 Apr 14 [Full text]

WHO (World Health Organization). Fact sheet on smallpox [Web page]

Infection Control and Worker Protection

Arita I, Shafa E, Kader A. Role of hospital in smallpox outbreak in Kuwait. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1970;60(10):1960-6 [Full text]

Downie AW, Meiklejohn M, St Vincent L, et al. The recovery of smallpox virus from patients and their environment in a smallpox hospital. Bull WHO 1965;33(5):615-22 [Abstract]

Harper GJ. Airborne micro-organisms: survival test with four viruses. J Hyg 1961;59:479-86 [Full text]

Morris L, de Lemos AL, da Silva OJ. Investigation of hospital-associated smallpox—Vitoria, Espirito Santo. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1970;60(12):2331-5 [Full text]

Sakar JK, Mitra AC, Mukherjee MK, et al. Virus excretion in smallpox. 1. Excretion in the throat, urine, and conjunctiva of patients. Bull WHO 1973;48:517-22 [Abstract]

Sakar JK, Mitra AC, Mukherjee MK, et al. Virus excretion in smallpox. 2. Excretion in the throats of household contacts. Bull WHO 1973;48:523-7 [Abstract]

Talbot TR, Ziel E, Doersam JK, et al. Risk of vaccinia transfer to the hands of vaccinated persons after smallpox immunization. Clin Infect Dis 2004 Feb 15;38(4):536-41 [Abstract]

Thomas G. Air sampling of smallpox virus. J Hyg 1974;73(1):1-7 [Abstract]

Wehrle PF, Posch J, Richter KH, et al. An airborne outbreak of smallpox in a German hospital and its significance with respect to other recent outbreaks in Europe. Bull WHO 1970;43(5):669-79 [Full text]

Wolff HL, Croon JJAB. The survival of smallpox virus (variola major) in natural circumstances. Bull WHO 1968;38:492-3 [Full text]

Laboratory Resources

ASM. Sentinel laboratory guidelines for suspected agents of bioterrorism and emerging infectious diseases: packing and shipping infectious substances. Jan 1, 2008 [Web page]

Besser JM, Crouch NA, Sulllivan M. Laboratory diagnosis to differentiate smallpox, vaccinia, and other vesicular/pustular illnesses. J Lab Clin Med 2003 Oct;142(4):246-51 [PubMed listing with link to text

]

CDC. Acute, generalized vesicular or pustular rash illness testing protocol in the United States [Web page]

CDC. Biological and chemical terrorism: strategic plan for preparedness and response. Recommendations of the CDC strategic planning workgroup. MMWR 2000:49(RR04):1-14 [Web page]

CDC. Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories (BMBL). Ed 5, July 2010 [Full text]

CDC. Facts about the Laboratory Response Network [Web page]

CDC. Laboratory security and emergency response guidance for laboratories working with select agents. MMWR 2002 Dec 6;51(RR-19):1-6 [Full text]

CDC. National Select Agent Registry [Web page]

CDC. Smallpox and vaccinia laboratory testing: a national training initiative. Jan 29, 2003 [Webcast]

CDC. Smallpox vaccination laboratory support. Dec 2002 [PowerPoint presentation]

DHHS. 42 CFR Part 73: Possession, use, and transfer of select agents and toxins. Final Rule. Fed Reg 2005 Mar 18;70(52):13294 [Full text]

Kitamura T, Aoyama Y, Kurata T, et al. Virological studies of smallpox in an endemic area. II. Virus content of clinical specimens and typing of virus isolates. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1977;30(5):229-39

Lapa S, Mikheev M, Shchelkunov S, et al. Species-level identification of orthopoxviruses with an oligonucleotide microchip. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40(3):753-7 [Full text]